Strain gauge

ABSTRACT

A strain gauge includes a flexible substrate, and resistors each formed of a Cr composite film. The resistors include a first resistor formed on one side of the substrate and includes a second resistor formed on another side of the substrate. The first resistor and the second resistor are arranged such that grid directions of the first resistor and the second resistor intersect in a plan view.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a strain gauge.

BACKGROUND ART

A strain gauge is known to be attached to a measured object to detect strain on the measured object. The strain gauge includes a resistor for detecting strain, and as a resistor material, for example, material including Cr (chromium) or Ni (nickel) is used. The resistor is formed on a substrate made of, for example, an insulating resin (see, for example, Patent document 1).

Citation List Patent Document

[Patent document 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2016-74934

SUMMARY

There are methods in which grid directions of two strain gauges are shifted to meet at a desired angle (for example, 90 degrees, or 45 degrees), and in which the strain gauges are attached to a measured object to measure unknown strain in a main strain direction. In such a method, because the two strain gauges are attached, attachment accuracy decreases, which results in difficulty for attachment to meet at a desired angle. As a result, strain cannot be measured accurately.

In view of the point described above, an object of the present invention is to provide a strain gauge whereby it is possible to measure unknown strain in a main strain direction, regardless of attachment accuracy.

A strain gauge includes a flexible substrate; and resistors each formed of a Cr composite film, wherein the resistors include a first resistor formed on one side of the substrate; and a second resistor formed on another side of the substrate, and wherein the first resistor and the second resistor are arranged such that grid directions of the first resistor and the second resistor intersect in a plan view.

Effects of the Invention

According to the disclosed technique, a strain gauge can be provided whereby it is possible to measure unknown strain in a main strain direction regardless of attachment accuracy.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a plan view of an example of a strain gauge according to a first embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a plan view of an example of a pattern of a resistor 31 in the strain gauge according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view (part 1) of an example of the strain gauge according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view (part 2) of an example of the strain gauge according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 5A is a diagram (part 1) illustrating an example of a process of manufacturing the strain gauge according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 5B is a diagram (part 2) illustrating an example of the process of manufacturing the strain gauge according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 5C is a diagram (part 3) illustrating an example of the process of manufacturing the strain gauge according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 5D is a diagram (part 4) illustrating an example of the process of manufacturing the strain gauge according to the first embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view (part 3) of an example of the strain gauge according to the first embodiment; and

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view (part 4) of an example of the strain gauge according to the first embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

One or more embodiments will be hereinafter described with reference to the drawings. In each figure, the same numerals denote the same components; accordingly, duplicative explanations may be omitted.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1 is a plan view of an example of a strain gauge according to a first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a plan view of an example of a pattern of a resistor 31 in the strain gauge according to the first embodiment. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an example of the strain gauge according to the first embodiment, and illustrates a cross section taken along the A-A line in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of an example of the strain gauge according to the first embodiment, and illustrates a cross section taken along the B-B line in FIGS. 1 and 2. With reference to FIGS. 1 to 4, the strain gauge 1 includes a substrate 10; resistors 30 (resistors 31 and 32); terminal sections 41 and 42; and cover layers 61 and 62.

Note that in the present embodiment, for the sake of convenience, with respect to the strain gauge 1, the side of the substrate 10 where the resistor 32 is provided is referred to as an upper side or one side; and the side of the substrate 10 where the resistor 31 is provided is referred to as a lower side or another side. Further, for each component, the surface on the side where the resistor 32 is provided is referred to as one surface or an upper surface; and the surface on the side where the resistor 31 is provided is referred to as another surface or a lower surface. However, the strain gauge 1 can be used in a state of being upside down, or be disposed at any angle. Further, a plan view means that an object is viewed from a normal direction of an upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, and a planar shape refers to a shape of an object when viewed from the normal direction of the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10.

The substrate 10 is a member that is a base layer for forming the resistors 30 or the like and is flexible. The thickness of the substrate 10 is not particularly restricted, and can be appropriately selected for any purpose. For example, such a thickness can be approximately between 5 μm and 500 μm. In particular, when the thickness of the substrate 10 is between 5 μm and 200 μm, it is preferable in that a difference in strain sensitivity between the resistors 31 and 32 can be reduced.

The substrate 10 can be formed of an insulating resin film such as a PI (polyimide) resin, an epoxy resin, a PEEK (polyether ether ketone) resin, a PEN (polyethylene naphthalate) resin, a PET (polyethylene terephthalate) resin, a PPS (polyphenylene sulfide) resin, or a polyolefin resin. Note that the film refers to a flexible member having a thickness of about 500 μm or less.

Here, the “formed of an insulating resin film” is not intended to preclude the substrate 10 from containing fillers, impurities, or the like in the insulating resin film. The substrate 10 may be formed of, for example, an insulating resin film containing fillers such as silica or alumina.

Each resistor 30 is formed on the substrate 10 and is a sensitive section where resistance varies according to strain. The resistors 30 include the resistors 31 and 32 that are laminated via the substrate 10. In other words, the resistors 31 and 32 are collectively referred to as the resistors 30. When it is not particularly necessary to distinguish between the resistors 31 and 32, they are collectively referred to as the resistors 30. Note that in FIGS. 1 and 2, for the sake of convenience, the resistors 31 and 32 are each illustrated in a crepe pattern.

The resistor 31 is a thin film formed in a predetermined pattern and on the side of the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10. The resistor 31 may be formed directly on the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10, or be formed below the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10, via other layer(s).

Pads 31A each for receiving a via are formed at both end portions of the resistor 31. The respective pads 31A extend from both end portions of the resistor 31 and are each wider than the resistor 31 to be in an appropriately rectangular shape, in a plan view.

The resistor 32 is a thin film formed in a predetermined pattern and on the side of the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10. The resistor 32 may be formed directly on the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, or be formed above the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, via other layer(s).

The resistor 32 is arranged such that, in a plan view, a grid direction thereof intersects with a grid direction of the resistor 31. In this description, intersecting means that the grid direction of the resistor 32 and the grid direction of the resistor 31 are not parallel in a plan view.

For example, in a plan view, the grid direction of the resistor 32 is oriented at 90 degrees (perpendicular) relative to the grid direction of the resistor 31. However, this is an example, and in a plan view, the grid direction of the resistor 32 may be oriented at 45 degrees relative to the grid direction of the resistor 31, or be oriented at other angles.

The resistors 30 (resistors 31 and 32) can be each formed of, for example, material including Cr (chromium); material including Ni (nickel); or material including both of Cr and Ni. In other words, the resistors 30 can be each formed of material including at least one from among Cr and Ni. An example of the material including Cr includes a Cr composite film. An example of the material including Ni includes Cu—Ni (copper nickel). An example of the material including both of Cr and Ni includes Ni—Cr (nickel chromium).

Here, the Cr composite film is a composite film of Cr, CrN, Cr₂N, and the like. The Cr composite film may include incidental impurities such as chromium oxide.

The thickness of each resistor 30 is not particularly restricted, and can be appropriately selected for any purpose. The thickness can be, for example, approximately between 0.05 μm and 2 μm. In particular, when the thickness of each resistor 30 is 0.1 μm or more, it is preferable in terms of improvement in crystallinity (e.g., crystallinity of α-Cr) of a crystal that constitutes the resistor 30, and when the thickness of each resistor 30 is 1 μm or less, it is further preferable in terms of reduction in cracks of a given film caused by internal stress of the film that constitutes the resistor 30, or reduction in warp in the substrate 10.

For example, when each resistor 30 is the Cr composite film, the resistor is formed with α-Cr (alpha-chromium) as the main component having a stable crystalline phase, so that stability of the gauge characteristics can be improved. Additionally, when each resistor 30 is formed with α-Cr as the main component, a gauge factor of the strain gauge 1 can be 10 or more, as well as a gauge factor temperature coefficient TCS and temperature coefficient of resistance TCR being able to be each in the range of from −1000 ppm/° C. to +1000 ppm/° C. Here, a main component means that a target substance has 50% by weight or more of total substances that constitute the resistor. Each resistor 30 preferably includes α-Cr at 80% by weight or more, from the viewpoint of improving the gauge characteristics. Note that α-Cr is Cr having a bcc structure (body-centered cubic structure).

The terminal sections 41 and 42 are formed on the substrate 10. Each of the terminal sections 41 and 42 may be formed directly on the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, or be formed above the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, via other layer(s).

The terminal sections 41 are a pair of electrodes from which a change in a resistance value of the resistor 31 according to strain is output externally, where, for example, a lead wire for an external connection, or the like is joined.

One terminal section from among the terminal sections 41 is electrically connected to one pad that is from among the pads 31A and that is exposed in a given via hole 10 x, through the via hole 10 x provided through the substrate 10. The one terminal section 41 is continuously formed, for example, on a sidewall of the via hole 10 x, from the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, and on an upper surface of the one pad 31A exposed in the via hole 10 x, so that the one terminal section 41 is electrically connected to the one pad 31A.

In a portion of the one terminal section 41 that is formed on the sidewall of the via hole 10 x and on the upper surface of the one pad 31A exposed in the via hole 10 x, a recessed portion 10 y is formed in the via hole 10 x. However, with respect to the one terminal 41, the via hole 10 x may be filled up (the recessed portion 10 y may not be formed).

The other terminal section 41 is also electrically connected to the other pad 31A exposed in a given via hole 10 x, through the via hole 10 x provided through the substrate 10. The other terminal section 41 is continuously formed, for example, on a sidewall of the via hole 10 x, from the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, and on an upper surface of the other pad 31A exposed in the via hole 10 x, so that the other terminal section 41 is electrically connected to the other pad 31A.

In a portion of the other terminal section 41 that is formed on the sidewall of the via hole 10 x and on the upper surface of the other pad 31A exposed in the via hole 10 x, a recessed portion 10 y is formed in the via hole 10 x. However, with respect to the other terminal 41, the via hole 10 x may be filled up (the recessed portion 10 y may not be formed).

The terminal sections 41 are each wider than the resistor 31 to be in an appropriately rectangular shape, in a plan view. The resistor 31 extends between one of the terminal sections 41 and the other terminal section 41, with zigzagged hairpin turns. The upper surface of each terminal section 41 may be coated with a metal allowing for increased solderability than the terminal section 41.

The terminal sections 42 respectively extend from both end portions of the resistor 32 and are each wider than the resistor 32 to be in an approximately rectangular shape, in a plan view. The terminal sections 42 are a pair of electrodes from which a change in a resistance value of the resistor 32 according to strain is output externally, where, for example, a lead wire for an external connection, or the like is joined. For example, the resistor 32 extends from one of the terminal sections 42, with zigzagged hairpin turns, to be connected to the other terminal section 42. The upper surface of each terminal section 42 may be coated with a metal allowing for increased solderability than the terminal section 42.

Note that for the sake of convenience, the resistor 32 and the terminal sections 41 and 42 are expressed by different numerals. However, the resistor and the terminal sections can be integrally formed of the same material, in the same process.

A cover layer 61 is an insulating resin layer provided on and above the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, such that the resistor 32 is coated and the terminal sections 41 and 42 are exposed. With the cover layer 61 being provided, mechanical damage, and the like can be prevented from occurring in the resistor 32. Additionally, with the cover layer 61 being provided, the resistor 32 can be protected against moisture, and the like. Note that the cover layer 61 may be provided to cover all portions except for the terminal sections 41 and 42.

A cover layer 62 is an insulating resin layer provided on and below the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10, such that the resistor 31 and the pads 31A are coated. With the cover layer 62 being provided, mechanical damage, and the like can be prevented from occurring in the resistor 31 and the pads 31A. Additionally, with the cover layer 62 being provided, the resistor 31 and the pads 31A can be protected against moisture, and the like.

Each of the cover layers 61 and 62 can be formed of an insulating resin such as a PI resin, an epoxy resin, a PEEK resin, a PEN resin, a PET resin, a PPS resin, or a composite resin (e.g., a silicone resin or a polyolefin resin). Each of the cover layers 61 and 62 may contain fillers or pigments. The thickness of each of the cover layers 61 and 62 is not particularly restricted, and can be appropriately selected for any purpose. For example, such a thickness can be approximately between 5 μm and 500 μm. In particular, when the thickness of the cover layer 62 is between 5 μm and 200 μm, it is preferable in terms of strain transfer from a flexure element surface that is bonded to a lower surface of the cover layer 62 via an adhesive layer or the like; and dimensional stability with respect, to environment, and when the thickness is 10 μm or more, it is further preferable in terms of insulation. Note that the cover layer 61 and the cover layer 62 may be formed of different materials, or be formed to have different thicknesses.

FIGS. 5A to 5D are diagrams illustrating a process of manufacturing the strain gauge according to the first embodiment, and each illustrate a cross section corresponding to FIG. 4.

In order to manufacture the strain gauge 1, first, in the process illustrated in FIG. 5A, the substrate 10 is prepared and a metallic layer 310, which is finally patterned to become the resistor 31 and the pads 31A, is formed on the entire lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10. The material and thickness of the metallic layer 310 are the same as the material and thickness of the resistor 30 (resistor 31) described above.

The metallic layer 310 can be formed to be deposited by magnetron sputtering in which, for example, a raw material capable of forming the metallic layer 310 is a target. Instead of magnetron sputtering, the metallic layer 310 may be deposited by reactive sputtering, vapor deposition, arc ion plating, pulsed laser deposition, or the like.

From the viewpoint of stabilizing the gauge characteristics, before depositing the metallic layer 310, preferably, as a base layer, a functional layer having a film thickness that, is approximately between 1 nm and 100 nm is vacuum-deposited on the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10, by conventional sputtering, for example.

In the present application, the functional layer refers to a layer that has a function of promoting crystal growth of the resistor (where the metallic layer 310 is patterned) that is at least an upper layer. The functional layer preferably further has a function of preventing oxidation of the resistor that is an upper layer, caused by oxygen and moisture included in the substrate 10 and the like, as well as a function of improving adhesion between the substrate 10, etc. and the resistor that is an upper layer. The functional layer may further have other functions.

An insulating resin film that constitutes the substrate 10 contains oxygen and moisture. In this regard, particularly when the resistor that is an upper layer includes Cr, it is effective for the functional layer to have a function of preventing oxidation of the resistor that is an upper layer, because Cr forms an autoxidized film.

The material of the functional layer is not particularly restricted as long as it is material having a function of promoting crystal growth of the resistor that is at least an upper layer. Such material can be appropriately selected for any purpose, and includes one or more metals selected from the group consisting of, for example, Cr (chromium), Ti (titanium), V (vanadium), Nb (niobium), Ta (tantalum), Ni (nickel), Y (yttrium), Zr (zirconium), Hf (hafnium), Si (silicon), C (carbon), Zn (zinc), Cu (copper), Bi (bismuth), Fe (iron), Mo (molybdenum), W (tungsten), Ru (ruthenium), Rh (rhodium), Re (rhenium), Os (osmium), Ir (iridium), Pt (platinum), Pd (palladium), Ag (silver), Au (gold), Co (cobalt), Mn (manganese), and Al (aluminum); an alloy of any metals from among the group; or a compound of any metal from among the group.

Examples of the above alloy include FeCr, TiAl, FeNi, NiCr, CrCu, and the like. Examples of the above compound include TiN, TaN, Si₃N₄, TiO₂, Ta₂O₅, SiO₂, and the like.

The functional layer can be vacuum-deposited by, for example, conventional sputtering in which a raw material capable of forming the functional layer is the target and in which an Ar (argon) gas is supplied to a chamber. By using conventional sputtering, the functional layer is deposited while the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10 is etched with Ar. Thus, a deposited amount of the film of the functional layer is minimized and thus an effect of improving adhesion can be obtained.

However, this is an example of a method of depositing the functional layer, and the functional layer may be deposited by other methods. For example, before depositing the functional layer, the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10 is activated by plasma treatment using Ar, etc. or the like to thereby obtain the effect of improving the adhesion; subsequently, the functional layer may be vacuum-deposited by magnetron sputtering.

A combination of the material of the functional layer and the material of the resistor that is an upper layer is not particularly restricted, and can be appropriately selected for any purpose. For example, Ti is used for the functional layer, and a Cr composite film formed with α-Cr (alpha-chromium) as the main component can be deposited as the resistor that is an upper layer.

In this case, the resistor that is an upper layer can be deposited by, for example, magnetron sputtering in which a raw material capable of forming the Cr composite film is the target and in which an Ar gas is supplied to a chamber. Alternatively, the resistor that is an upper layer may be deposited by reactive sputtering in which pure Cr is the target and in which an appropriate amount of nitrogen gas, as well as an Ar gas, are supplied to a chamber.

In such methods, a growth face of the Cr composite film is defined by the functional layer formed of Ti, and the Cr composite film that is formed with α-Cr as the main component having a stable crystalline structure can be deposited. Also, Ti that constitutes the functional layer is diffused into the Cr composite film, so that, the gauge characteristics are improved. For example, the gauge factor of the strain gauge 1 can be 10 or more, as well as the gauge factor temperature coefficient TCS and temperature coefficient, of resistance TCR being each able to be in the range of from −1000 ppm/° C. to +1000 ppm/° C. Note that, when the functional layer is formed of Ti, the Cr composite film may include Ti or TiN (titanium nitride).

Note that when the resistor that is an upper layer is a Cr composite film, the functional layer formed of Ti includes all functions being a function of promoting crystal growth of the resistor that is an upper layer; a function of preventing oxidation of the resistor that is an upper layer, caused by oxygen or moisture contained in the substrate 10; and a function of improving adhesion between the substrate 10 and the resistor that is an upper layer. Instead of Ti, when the functional layer is formed of Ta, Si, Al, or Fe, the functional layer also includes the same functions.

As described above, with the functional layer being provided in the lower layer of the resistor, the crystal growth of the resistor that is an upper layer can be promoted and thus the resistor having a stable crystalline phase can be fabricated. As a result, with respect to the strain gauge 1, stability of the gauge characteristics can be improved. Also, the material that constitutes the functional layer is diffused into the resistor that is an upper layer, so that the gauge characteristics of the strain gauge 1 can be thereby improved.

Then, in the process in FIG. 5B, the via holes 10 x that are provided through the substrate 10 and that expose the upper surface of the metallic layer 310 are formed. The via holes 10 x can be formed by laser processing, for example. Each via hole 10 x is formed in a region where the metallic layer 310 is patterned and becomes a given pad 31A.

Then, in the process in FIG. 5C, a metallic layer 320, which is finally patterned to become the resistor 32 and the terminal sections 41 and 42, is formed on the entire upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10. The metallic layer 320 is continuously formed on the sidewalls of the via holes 10 z, from the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, and on the upper surface of the metallic layer 310 that is exposed in the via holes 10 x, so that the metallic layer 320 is electrically connected to the metallic layer 310.

In respective portions of the metallic layer 320 that is formed on the sidewalls of the via holes 10 x and on the upper surface of the metallic layer 310 exposed in the via holes 10 x, the recessed portions 10 y are formed in the respective via holes 10 x. However, with respect to the metallic layer 310, each of the via holes 10 x may be filled up (recessed portions 10 y may not be formed).

The material and thickness of the metallic layer 320 can be the same as the material and thickness of the metallic layer 310. For example, the metallic layer 320 can be formed by the same method as described in the metallic layer 310. For the same reason as described in the metallic layer 310, before depositing the metallic layer 320, preferably, as a base layer, a functional layer having a film thickness that is approximately between 1 nm and 100 nm is vacuum-deposited on the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, by conventional sputtering, for example.

Then, in the process in FIG. 5D, the functional layer formed on the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10; and the metallic layer 310, as well as the functional layer formed on the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10; and the metallic layer 320, are patterned by photolithography. Thereby, the resistor 31 and the pads 31A, each of which has the shape in FIG. 2, are formed below the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10; and the resistor 32 and the terminal sections 41 and 42, each of which has the shape in FIG. 1, are formed above the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10. By concurrently patterning the metallic layer 310 and the metallic layer 320 with photolithography, relative positional accuracy of the resistor 31 and the resistor 32 can be improved.

After the process in FIG. 5D, the cover layer 61 with which the resistor 32 is coated and that exposes the terminal sections 41 and 42 is formed on and above the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10. Further, the cover layer 62 with which the resistor 31 and the pads 31A are coated is formed on and below the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10. The material and thickness for each of the cover layers 61 and 62 are described above.

For example, the cover layer 61 can be fabricated, such that a thermosetting insulating resin film in a semi-cured state is laminated on the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, and such that the resistor 32 is coated therewith and the terminal sections 41 and 42 are exposed; subsequently, heat is added and curing is performed. The cover layer 61 may be fabricated, such that a thermosetting insulating resin that is liquid or paste-like is applied to the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, and such that the resistor 32 is coated therewith and the terminal sections 41 and 42 are exposed; subsequently, heat is added and curing is performed. The cover layer 62 can also fabricated by the same method as described in the cover layer 61. In the above process, the strain gauge 1 is completed.

Note that when the functional layer, as a base layer of the metallic layer 310 that becomes the resistor 31 and the pads 31A, is provided on the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10; and the functional layer, as a base layer of the metallic layer 320 that becomes the resistor 32 and the terminal sections 41 and 42, is provided on the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, the strain gauge 1 has cross-section shapes illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. Layers expressed by the numerals 21 and 22 are the functional layers. The planar shapes of the strain gauge 1 in the case of providing the functional layers 21 and 22 are the same as those in FIGS. 1 and 2.

As described above, for the strain gauge 1, the resistor 31 is formed on or below the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10, the resistor 32 is formed on or above the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10, and the grid directions of the resistor 31 and the resistor 32 intersect. Further, the resistor 31 and the resistor 32 can be formed by concurrently patterning the metallic layers formed on both surfaces of the substrate 10, with photolithography. As a result, relative positional accuracy of the resistor 31 and the resistor 32 can be improved, thereby allowing for the strain gauge in which the grid directions of the resistor 31 and the resistor 32 accurately intersect with respect to a desirable value. Accordingly, unknown strain can be measured in a main strain direction, regardless of attachment accuracy.

Further, the strain gauge 1 has a laminated structure in which the top and bottom of the substrate 10 are approximately symmetric. In other words, the resistor 31 and the cover layer 62 are laminated on the side of the lower surface 10 b of the substrate 10, and the resistor 32 and the cover layer 61 are laminated on the side of the upper surface 10 a of the substrate 10. In the structure, warp occurring in the strain gauge 1 can be reduced.

The preferred embodiment and the like have been described above, but are not limited to the above embodiment and the like. Various modifications and alternatives to the above embodiment and the like can be made without departing from a scope set forth in the claims.

This International application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-220407, filed Nov. 15, 2017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

1 strain gauge, 10 substrate, 10 a upper surface, 10 b lower surface, 10 x via hole, 10 y recessed portion, 21, 22 functional layer, 30 resistor, 31, 32 resistor 41, 42 terminal section, 61, 62 cover layer 

1. A strain gauge comprising: a flexible resin substrate; resistors each formed of a film that includes Cr, CrN, and Cr₂N; and a functional layer formed of a metal, an alloy, or a metal compound, the functional layer being in a lower surface of the resistors, wherein an element included in the functional layer is diffused into the film, wherein the resistors include a first resistor formed on one side of the substrate; and a second resistor formed on another side of the substrate, wherein the first resistor and the second resistor are arranged such that grid directions of the first resistor and the second resistor intersect in a plan view, and wherein a gauge factor of the strain gauge is 10 or more.
 2. The strain gauge according to claim 1, further comprising first electrodes electrically connected to the first resistor; and second electrodes electrically connected to the second resistor, wherein the first electrodes and the second electrodes are formed on the one side of the substrate.
 3. The strain gauge according to claim 2, wherein the second electrodes are electrically connected, through via holes provided in the substrate, to respective pads each extending from a given end portion of the second resistor, and wherein each second electrode is continuously formed, from the one side of the substrate, on a sidewall of a corresponding via hole from among the via holes and on a surface of a corresponding pad that is from among the pads and that is exposed in the via hole, so that a recessed portion is formed in the via hole.
 4. The strain gauge according to claim 1, further comprising a first insulating resin layer with which the first resistor is coated and that is formed on the one side of the substrate; and a second insulating resin layer with which the second resistor is coated and that is formed on the another side of the substrate.
 5. The strain gauge according to claim 1, wherein a main component of each resistor is alpha-chromium.
 6. The strain gauge according to claim 5, wherein each resistor includes alpha-chromium at 80% by weight or more.
 7. (canceled)
 8. (canceled)
 9. The strain gauge according to claim 1, wherein the functional layer includes a function of promoting crystal growth of the resistor.
 10. A strain gauge comprising: a flexible resin substrate; resistors each formed of a film that includes Cr, CrN, and Cr₂N; and a functional layer formed of a metal, an alloy, or a metal compound, the functional layer being in a lower surface of the resistors, wherein an element included in the functional layer is diffused into the film, wherein the resistors include a first resistor formed on one side of the substrate; and a second resistor formed on another side of the substrate, wherein the first resistor and the second resistor are arranged such that grid directions of the first resistor and the second resistor intersect in a plan view, and wherein a temperature coefficient of resistance of the strain gauge is in a range of from −1000 ppm/° C. to +1000 ppm/° C.
 11. A strain gauge comprising: a flexible resin substrate; resistors each formed of a film that includes Cr, CrN, and Cr₂N; and a functional layer formed of a metal, an alloy, or a metal compound, the functional layer being in a lower surface of the resistors, wherein the resistors include a first resistor formed on one side of the substrate; and a second resistor formed on another side of the substrate, and wherein the first resistor and the second resistor are arranged such that grid directions of the first resistor and the second resistor intersect in a plan view. 